Manuela Fetter NICOLETTI [2]
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS
Plan
Abstract
English
This research delves into the realm of cultural diplomacy, a powerful tool in fostering international relations, by employing an experimental methodology of conducting an in-depth interview with ChatGPT 3.5. ChatGPT, a language model developed by OpenAI, serves as an intriguing subject for exploration, given its ability to generate human-like text and engage in conversations across various topics. The study combines theoretical frameworks to elucidate the workings of ChatGPT and to provide a comprehensive understanding of cultural diplomacy. The article adopts an exploratory approach, employing a curated set of questions to be posed to ChatGPT, focusing specifically on its insights into Brazilian cultural diplomacy. By engaging ChatGPT in a dialogue on this theme, the study aims to extract valuable information and perspectives that contribute to a deeper comprehension of how cultural diplomacy operates in the digital age. Questions encompass a range of topics, including the portrayal of Brazilian culture, the impact of cultural diplomacy on international perceptions, and the potential challenges and opportunities presented by digital platforms in diplomatic efforts.
Français
Presentation
The current article begins with an overview on the theoretical foundation in about an exploration of ChatGPT's underlying mechanisms, drawing on relevant literature to unpack the intricacies of its language generation capabilities. Then, this analysis sets the stage for an examination of cultural diplomacy, a concept rooted in the use of cultural assets to enhance a nation's image and build connections on the global stage. Understanding the mechanisms of ChatGPT and the principles of cultural diplomacy establishes a theoretical framework that guides the subsequent interview-based inquiry.
Through this experimental research design, the study seeks to bridge the dimensions of artificial intelligence and cultural diplomacy, shedding light on the potential role of advanced language models in shaping international perceptions and fostering cross-cultural understanding. The findings from the interview with ChatGPT offer unique insights into the interplay between technology and diplomacy, providing a nuanced perspective on the evolving landscape of cultural engagement in our increasingly digital world.
The Tapestry of ChatGPT: A Theoretical Brief
In the intricate tapestry of artificial intelligence, ChatGPT emerges as a witness to the relentless pursuit of innovation and the desire to push the boundaries of natural language processing. Conceived and crafted by OpenAI, ChatGPT is a product with a specific focus on enhancing conversational capabilities. The genesis of ChatGPT can be traced back to the research on linguistic data, culminating in the creation of a language model that possesses the ability to generate coherent and contextually relevant text across a multitude of subjects (OPEN AI, 2023).
The architects behind ChatGPT's creation are a collective of interdisciplinary experts, comprising computer scientists, machine learning specialists, and language specialists. Their collaborative efforts reflect a synergy of knowledge, skill, and innovation, as they meticulously design and refine the model to navigate the complexities of human communication. Through a process of iterative learning and refinement, ChatGPT evolves, constantly adapting to new linguistic nuances and expanding its capacity to engage in diverse conversational contexts (BROWN, 2020).
According to Vaswani (2017) the developmental trajectory of ChatGPT mirrors the dynamic landscape of AI research, with ongoing efforts aimed at refining its capabilities and addressing inherent challenges. Continuous feedback loops, user interactions, and model updates contribute to an ever-evolving and increasingly sophisticated conversational agent. It should be noted that AI, represented by complex algorithms and autonomous machines, is redefining not only what is possible to accomplish, but also who or what performs certain professional activities. The central problem lies in the adaptation of traditional work structures and workers to this growing influence of this technological tool. According to Dora Kaufman (2023), researcher on the impacts of Intelligence Artificial nowadays, we are faced with a “complex, transversal technology, multidisciplinary, technologically limited and permeated by human subjectivity” (Kaufman, 2023).
Above all, it is important to know that the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) within computer science focuses on developing systems and machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence. These tasks encompass pattern recognition, machine learning, reasoning, problem-solving, decision-making, and natural language processing (Russel & Norvig, 2022). According to Santos (2021), AI is commonly referred to as the scientific field dedicated to providing machines with the ability to perform functions such as logic, reasoning, planning, learning, and perception. It involves the study of human intelligence and the replication of artificially generated actions, resulting in a reasonably rational outcome (p. 6).
AI can be divided into various subareas, including machine learning, deep learning, computer vision, natural language processing, robotics, among others. The foundation of AI lies in algorithms and complex mathematical models to process large volumes of data, extracting relevant patterns and insights (Vilenky, 2021). GPT Chat is based upon deep learning, a machine learning technique, that relies on artificial neural networks, structures with multiple interconnected layers. These networks can learn complex data representations, enabling advanced processing such as pattern recognition in images and natural language processing (Lima, Pinheiro, & Santos, 2021).
One of the great challenges of relating AI to the area of communication is the complexity of understanding that its discussions do not involve positivist or instrumentalist techniques or strategies. Therefore, we raise the following issue: can the ChatGPT tool, an AI product, provide insights into culture? More specifically, about Brazilian cultural diplomacy? Reflecting on the behavior of a machine or algorithms or on the possibilities of digital and technical intelligence requires a more complex look at social issues that permeate development and innovation in the communication context. Unfortunately, this article will not go into this depth of study, but rather will try to experiment at a technical level, whether an in-depth interview with AI can serve as an initial trigger for new reflections.
The discussion of technologies in the area of human sciences requires the understanding that social practices, their relationships with new means and media, are what shape new languages and new relationships. Methodologically, the study proposal presents a qualitative and exploratory approach in its objectives, using bibliographical research as a procedure for a practical and critical analysis of the topic of cultural diplomacy.
Navigating the Landscape of Cultural Diplomacy: A Brief Approach
Cultural diplomacy, a dynamic and multifaceted domain within international relations, involves the exchange of ideas, arts, and cultural expressions to foster understanding and collaboration between nations. At its core, cultural diplomacy transcends political boundaries, aiming to cultivate relationships and bridge cultural gaps. This theoretical exploration delves into key aspects of cultural diplomacy, focusing on its main actors, foundational concepts, and diverse approaches.
Central to the fabric of cultural diplomacy are a myriad of actors ranging from governments and non-governmental organizations to artists, academics, and citizens. Governments often play a pivotal role, utilizing cultural diplomacy to project soft power and shape international perceptions. Cultural institutions, including museums and educational organizations, contribute significantly by facilitating cultural exchanges. Furthermore, individual artists and intellectuals serve as cultural ambassadors, embodying the richness and diversity of their respective societies on the global stage (Nye, 2004).
The theme is grounded in several key concepts, with cultural soft power being paramount. Coined by Joseph Nye, cultural soft power emphasizes the ability to attract and co-opt rather than coerce, underscoring the persuasive influence of culture in shaping global perceptions. Another critical concept is cultural exchange, emphasizing the reciprocal sharing of artistic, intellectual, and social expressions to promote mutual understanding (Snow, 2011). Moreover, cultural diplomacy involves the strategic use of cultural resources to build relationships, enhance dialogue, and address global challenges collaboratively (Melissen, 2005). Cultural exchange initiatives, such as international festivals and artistic collaborations, serve as conduits for mutual understanding and appreciation (Snow, 2011).
Cultural diplomacy manifests through various approaches, ranging from traditional state-led initiatives to elementary cultural interactions. Nations employ cultural attaches, cultural festivals, and cultural diplomacy programs as formal channels for conveying their cultural narratives (Zaharna, 2013). Simultaneously, grassroots cultural diplomacy involves the participation of artists, academics, and civil society in fostering cross-cultural connections independently of official government channels (Ishikawa, 2014). Nowadays the theme emerges as a nuanced and influential force in international relations, weaving together various actors, concepts, and approaches. As nations navigate the complexities of our interconnected world, the strategic deployment of cultural diplomacy remains a potent instrument for building bridges, fostering mutual respect, and cultivating a shared global identity. By understanding these components, practitioners and scholars alike can navigate the complexities of cultural diplomacy and contribute to the cultivation of mutual understanding and cooperation on the global stage.
Adjusting the lenses to focus on Brazil, it is evident to start that Brazilian cultural diplomacy stands as a vibrant and dynamic expression of the nation's efforts to forge connections and foster understanding on the global stage. At its core, cultural diplomacy involves the strategic use of a nation's cultural assets to cultivate relationships, promote dialogue, and enhance its international image. This multifaceted endeavor engages a diverse array of actors, employs various concepts, and embraces distinct approaches to convey the richness and diversity of Brazilian culture.
One of the primary actors in Brazilian cultural diplomacy is the government, with institutions such as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Culture playing pivotal roles in shaping and implementing cultural diplomacy initiatives. Additionally, cultural agencies such as the Brazilian Cultural Institute (Instituto Cultural Brasileiro - ICB), and entities like the Brazilian Agency for the Promotion of Exports and Investments (Apex-Brasil), contribute significantly to the promotion of Brazilian culture on the global stage.
As explored by Pinheiro (2015), these governmental institutions work in tandem to orchestrate cultural programs, events, and exchanges that showcase Brazil's cultural wealth and contribute to the country's soft power. Key concepts underpinning Brazilian cultural diplomacy include "Cultural Exceptionalism" and "Cultural Diversity." "Cultural Exceptionalism" emphasizes Brazil's unique cultural identity, celebrating its blend of indigenous, African, and European influences. This concept, discussed by Rocha and Lopes (2014), serves as a foundational element in the narrative presented to the world, highlighting Brazil's distinctive contributions to global culture. "Cultural Diversity" is another central concept, reflecting Brazil's commitment to fostering inclusivity and understanding among nations. By embracing and celebrating cultural differences, Brazil positions itself as a champion of diversity in the international arena, as noted by Santos (2017). This approach reinforces the idea that cultural diplomacy is not merely a one-way projection but an interactive and reciprocal exchange.
Approaches to Brazilian cultural diplomacy encompass a range of activities, including cultural festivals, language programs, and artistic exchanges. The biennial Mercosur Cultural Prize, for instance, exemplifies Brazil's commitment to regional collaboration and cultural exchange within the Southern Cone. Additionally, initiatives like the "Brazilian Cultural Centers" established abroad serve as platforms for disseminating Brazilian art, music, and literature. Additionally, digital diplomacy has become increasingly prominent, with initiatives such as the Virtual Museum of Brazilian Literature offering online access to Brazil's literary treasures. It is also possible to notice that Brazil hosts and participates in international cultural festivals and events that promote its music and cinema. For example, the Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival and the annual Carnival draw large international crowds.
Through strategic and intentional efforts, Brazil leverages its cultural heritage to build bridges, cultivate understanding and contribute to the global discourse on diversity and inclusion. Therefore, already considering Brazil's multifaceted activity abroad, its multilateral presence and its influence in the education, culture and social development sectors, the aim is to structure questions for Chat GPT's artificial intelligence that refer to the technical nature of what is exported by the Brazil in terms of culture. This will be done to understand whether the learning platform can serve as a source of data or insights in this area, which is so subjective and abstract and concerns the international communication of countries in the world-culture system.
An In-Depth Conversation with AI: Practical Application of the Semi-Structured Questionnaire
As already described, the questions are more focused on technical and objective issues. On the ground that it is understood that the chat processing language can be optimized when objective and organized. Not necessarily because it is assumed that it does not develop subjective language, because it is believed that it does. However, with regard to the objectives and methods of this article, it is believed that it is more effective to structure the questions focusing on extracting lists or rankings.
Therefore, the questionnaire used is listed below, attaching the chat responses below so that in the next session of this work, the material can be commented and observed.
An interview with GPTChat 3.5 on Brazilian Cultural Diplomacy_By Manuela Fetter Nicoletti |
1. In one sentence, what do you understand as cultural diplomacy? |
Cultural diplomacy refers to the exchange of ideas, values, traditions, and artistic expressions between nations to foster mutual understanding and build positive relationships. |
2. What is your main reference on the subject? |
I don't have a specific main reference on any subject, as I generate responses based on a diverse range of data from the internet up to my last training cut-off in January 2022. My knowledge is a compilation of various sources, and I don't have the ability to cite specific references for individual responses. If you have any questions about cultural diplomacy, feel free to ask, and I'll do my best to provide information! |
3. How does this subject apply to Brazil? |
Cultural diplomacy is relevant to Brazil in various ways. Brazil, with its rich and diverse cultural heritage, actively engages in cultural diplomacy to promote its image globally, strengthen international relationships, and facilitate mutual understanding. The country often uses its music, dance, literature, and other cultural expressions as powerful tools to connect with people around the world. Brazilian cultural events, such as Carnaval, samba festivals, and film exhibitions, contribute to shaping a positive and dynamic image of the country on the global stage. Additionally, Brazil participates in cultural exchange programs, artistic collaborations, and initiatives that showcase its cultural identity and foster dialogue with other nations. Cultural diplomacy plays a role in enhancing Brazil's soft power and building bridges across borders. |
4. In one sentence, how does Brazil act in cultural diplomacy? |
Brazil engages in cultural diplomacy by showcasing its vibrant and diverse cultural expressions, such as music, dance, and literature, through international events, collaborations, and exchange programs to foster global understanding and strengthen diplomatic ties. |
5. Who is the main Brazilian author on the subject? |
There isn't a single "main" Brazilian author on the subject of cultural diplomacy, as the field involves contributions from various scholars, diplomats, and cultural experts. However, Brazilian academic and diplomat Sérgio Paulo Rouanet has written extensively on cultural diplomacy, particularly exploring the role of culture in international relations. His insights have influenced discussions on the topic in Brazil and beyond. |
6. List the main Brazilian cultural diplomacy agents. |
Several entities and organizations contribute to Brazil's cultural diplomacy efforts. Some key players in Brazilian cultural diplomacy include:
It's important to note that the landscape of cultural diplomacy evolves, and new actors may emerge over time. |
7. List the main Brazilian exports in cultural products. |
Brazil exports a diverse range of cultural products that showcase its rich artistic and creative heritage. Some of the main Brazilian cultural exports include:
These cultural exports play a crucial role in shaping Brazil's global image and fostering connections with audiences around the world. |
8. List the main Brazilian cultural diplomacy projects. |
Brazil has undertaken various cultural diplomacy projects to promote its cultural heritage and strengthen international ties. Some notable Brazilian cultural diplomacy projects include:
These projects collectively contribute to Brazil's cultural diplomacy efforts by sharing its diverse cultural expressions and fostering cross-cultural understanding on the global stage. |
9. List the main cultural diplomacy events promoted by Brazil. |
Brazil promotes various cultural diplomacy events that showcase its rich cultural heritage and contribute to international dialogue. Some notable cultural diplomacy events promoted by Brazil include:
These events play a crucial role in promoting Brazilian culture, fostering international collaborations, and enhancing the country's cultural diplomacy efforts on a global scale. |
10. Who are the main investors in Brazilian cultural diplomacy, based on numbers and figures? |
As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, specific figures and a detailed breakdown of investments in Brazilian cultural diplomacy were not readily available. Additionally, the landscape of cultural diplomacy funding can change over time, and new information may have emerged since then. Typically, funding for cultural diplomacy initiatives in Brazil comes from various sources, including government budgets, public-private partnerships, cultural institutions, and sponsorship from private companies. The Brazilian government, through agencies like the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Itamaraty) and the Ministry of Culture, often allocates funds for cultural diplomacy programs and events. Private companies, especially those in industries related to culture, arts, entertainment, and tourism, may contribute through sponsorships and collaborations with cultural events. Additionally, non-governmental organizations and cultural foundations may play a role in supporting specific cultural diplomacy projects. For the most accurate and up-to-date information on the main investors in Brazilian cultural diplomacy, including specific numbers and figures, it's recommended to refer to official government reports, financial disclosures, and cultural institutions' statements. These sources can provide detailed insights into the funding structures and partnerships that sustain cultural diplomacy efforts in Brazil. |
Reflections about the dialogue and final considerations
In general, it can be said that the approach and the structure of the questions can greatly influence the obtaining of the answers. Because when aiming to obtain a direct answer, one also obtains shallower answers, without references or any type of legitimacy. In this sense, the answers tend to be redundant and over-adjectified, linguistic characteristic that enriches the text, but also distracts the reader from the theoretical roots. However, it is possible to notice in advance that the questions are potentially connected to each other, videlicet, it responds better when led to the central question through sequential questioning. This observation is obtained by observing that at the beginning of the dialogue, it was difficult for it to mention specific names, but in the end it achieved this feat. While doing a test and starting with question 9 directly, we do not get the same result, but rather a more superficial answer that could apply to any other culture. This is a considerable observation, as it indicates that it is worth investing in guided dialogue with it, to direct it to provide the desired answer.
It is also important to highlight that when the question demands for a main author, in an attempt to highlight their sources, the tool makes it clear that: 1: either it cannot answer or 2: it is not possible to summarize in an answer. Supposedly because the platform should never come from a single source, it is understandable. However, it also does not converge to a single source apparently. Fact that it is also comprehensible, not for lack of ability to condense or calculate in this case, for example, which author is most cited on the topic, but rather, to avoid curating an answer that is so absolute that it could be mistaken or biased. Even though, it does not prioritize mentioning anyone, the platform still lightly mentions some names to satisfy the customer demands.
1. List the main cultural diplomacy events promoted by Brazil. |
As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Brazil has been actively engaging in cultural diplomacy to promote its culture and enhance international relations. Cultural diplomacy involves the use of cultural elements such as art, music, literature, and language to foster mutual understanding between nations. Please note that the information might have changed since my last update, so it's advisable to check more recent sources for the latest developments. As of my last update, some of the main cultural diplomacy events promoted by Brazil included:
Keep in mind that the specifics of Brazil's cultural diplomacy efforts can vary over time, and new events and initiatives may have been introduced since my last update. It's recommended to check with official sources or recent news for the latest information on Brazil's cultural diplomacy activities. |
Broadly speaking, when lists are requested, it seems that the robot prioritizes listing categories and not names or specific mentions. Even though it mentions names, it seems to mention them in a more horizontal or equivalent way, such as examples within the categories. This aspect provides a higher dynamic structure of answers, which sets up insights to continue the research. Without absolute answers, the subject is rarely closed, the content does not disappear and questions and investigation can continue infinitely.
When referring to specific terms, most of the answers proved to be satisfactory and credible, the only ones that were not answered were those in which it could be said that the error was in the question, as it is seen in question 2, for example, where it is asked about the main reference on the subject, not to list the most relevant for instance.
Regarding questions about Brazilian cultural diplomacy, they all offer good mentions of Brazil's ontological cultural heritage, which demonstrates accuracy. Furthermore, a tone of opinion can also be perceived, with the regard to the combination of the two edges of the questions: cultural diplomacy+Brazil. Throughout the dialogue, one of the specific objectives was to obtain names and citations, which can be said to have been successful, because from question 5 onwards the platform already brought Sérgio Paulo Rouanet as a reference on the subject and then, in question 7, it brought specific references to each area of the Brazilian culture. At last, in the final question, it is interesting to see how projects and events are effectively named and distributed by the tool.
In certain aspects, it is possible to notice some small mistakes, for example, saying that Gabriel García Márquez contributed to Brazilian literary exports, perhaps referring to it in marketing results for some Brazilian publisher house and not specially in cultural terms, but it causes confusion for those who do not know that the author is in fact from Colombia. Another important detail is the fact that it never mentions the names of companies or businesses that could benefit from its mention. Even when it mentions company names, it is in the context of projects, as was seen in the case with the aforementioned Rock in Rio and Lollapalooza Music Festivals, question 9. Even when it asks about investment, precising that numbers and figures are required, it refrains from answering and advises to seek more information on official government websites as so indicated in question 10.
It is important to emphasize as an evolution of the present work, a detailed investigation into the functioning of the search engine and resourcing tool of the machine itself, as it seems interesting how the information brought by it goes beyond what is officially communicated by the government or official state representatives for culture. Knowing, for example, whether the outcome proposed as an answer is the result of a calculation of the incidence on online records or whether it comes from information collected in the main academic content repositories. This would make an enormous difference to the interpretation.
In this context, it is evident that it is possible to obtain an overview of Brazilian cultural diplomacy, and should one continue the dialogue, further accurate and instantaneous citations or rankings could be acquired. While ChatGPT is not yet the solution, and it is believed that it may never be comparing with official search tools, it cannot be dismissed as a superficial tool either, as it can serve as a viable starting point for expanding avenues of investigation and, even for the improvement and broadening of research paths in full length.
References
BROWN, T. B., MANN, B., RYDER, N., SUBBIAH, M., KAPLAN, J., DHARIWAL, P., ... & AMODEI, D. (2020). "Language Models are Few-Shot Learners." arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.14165.(https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.14165).
ISHKANIAN, A., & KALDOR, M. (2007). "Introduction: Subversive Civil Society." In A. Ishkanian & M. Kaldor (Eds.), Subversive Peacemakers: War, Violence and Peacemaking in Bosnia and Beyond (pp. 1–29). Palgrave Macmillan.
KAUFMAN, Dora. (2022). Desmistificando a inteligência artificial. Grupo Autêntica, 2022. E-book. ISBN 9786559281596. Available in:
[Link] (https://integrada.minhabiblioteca.com.br/#/books/9786559281596/). Access in: 15 set. 2023.
MELISSEN, J. (2005). "The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations." Palgrave Macmillan.
MURTA, Rodrigo. (2023). Conversando com robôs: a arte de GPTear. São Paulo: Labrador, 2023.
E-book. Available in: https://plataforma.bvirtual.com.br. Access in: 15 set. 2023.
NYE, J. S. (2008). "Public Diplomacy and Soft Power." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616 (1), 94–109.
OPENAI. (2023). An interview with GPTChat 3.5 on Brazilian Cultural Diplomacy_By Manuela Fetter Nicoletti.
OpenAI Chat. Available in: https://chat.openai.com/share/affb317b-0973-450b-811d-b35a133f6cdd. Access in: 15/11/2023.
OPENAI. "ChatGPT: Improving the Scalability of Language Models."
PINHEIRO, L. (2015). "Cultural Diplomacy and Soft Power: Brazilian Strategies." Palgrave Macmillan.
RADFORD, A., WU, J., CHILD, R., LUAN, D., AMODEI, D., & SUTSKEVER, I. (2019). "Language Models are Few-Shot Learners." 1905.05583.
Available in: https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.05583. Access in: 21 nov. 2023.
ROCHA, L. M., & LOPES, I. (2014). "Cultural Diplomacy: A Brazilian Perspective." Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, 57 (1), 99-118.
RUSSELL, Stuart J.; NORVIG, Peter. (2022) Inteligência Artificial: Uma Abordagem Moderna.
GrupoGEN, 2022. E-book. ISBN 9788595159495.
Available in: https://integrada.minhabiblioteca.com.br/#/books/9788595159495/. Access in: 19 nov. 2023.
SANTAELLA, Lucia. (2023). A inteligência artificial é inteligente? Grupo Almedina (Portugal),
2023. E-book. ISBN 9786554270588.
Available in: https://integrada.minhabiblioteca.com.br/#/books/9786554270588/). Access in: 25 oct. 2023.
SANTOS, M. L. S. (2017). "Cultural Diplomacy: Bridging the Gap for Global Understanding." In C. M. Rogério (Ed.), Cultural Diplomacy: A Hundred Years of the British-Brazilian Society. Springer.
SNOW, N. (2011). "Public Diplomacy and International Relations." Routledge.
THAKKAR, Krishna & JAGDISHBHAI, Nimit. (2023). "Exploring the capabilities and limitations of GPT and Chat GPT in natural language processing.” Journal of Management Research and Analysis, 10 (1), 18-20. DOI: 10.18231/j.jmra.2023.004.
VASWANI, A., SHAZEER, N., PARMAR, N., USZKOREIT, J., JONES, L., GOMEZ, A. N., ... & POLOSUKHIN, I. (2017). "Attention is All You Need." In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (pp. 5998-6008).
VILENKY, Renata. (2021) Inteligência Artificial - Uma oportunidade para você empreender.
Editora Saraiva, 2021. E-book. ISBN 9786558110330.
Available in: https://integrada.minhabiblioteca.com.br/#/books/9786558110330/. Access in: 18 oct. 2023.
Notes
[1] Work presented for the course Audiovisual Communication: Narratives from Screens to Metaverses, Professor Roberto Tietzmann.
[2] PhD candidate in the Social Communication Program at FAMECOS-PUCRS. Email: manuela.fetter@edu.pucrs.br
Kommentare